The family Hydroptilidae Curtis (Trichoptera) in the Ogasawara Islands, northwestern Pacific, with particular reference to adaptive radiation in the oceanic islands.

The caddisfly family Hydroptilidae Curtis was revised for the oceanic Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, northwestern Pacific. Six endemic species of the genus Hydroptila Dalman 1819 (H. demersa Ito & Sasaki sp. nov., H. ishiura Ito & Sasaki sp. nov., H. tokoyo Ito & Sasaki sp. nov., H. hahajima Ito & Sasaki sp. nov., H. nagahama Ito & Sasaki sp. nov. and H. ogasawaraensis Ito 2011, in Ito et al. 2011) are recognized based on larval and adult morphology and molecular analysis. Each of six species was not distributed widely but limited to a narrow area: H. ogasawaraensis on Chichi-jima, H. tokoyo on southern Chichi-jima, H. demersa and H. ishiura on Ani-jima and northern Chichi-jima, H. hahajima on southern Haha-jima, and H. nagahama on central Haha-jima. This speciation pattern in the small area might be an example of adaptive radiation in these oceanic islands. The larva of H. demersa has an elongate and depressed head capsule and makes a slightly compressed case with rough surface, suggesting that it inhabits the hyporheic zone, where aquatic organisms are scarce in the oceanic islands. The other five species, H. ishiura, H. tokoyo, H. hahajima, H. nagahama, and H. ogasawaraensis, were often found in hygropetric habitats and small waterfalls, where other species of microcaddisflies are absent. Small dorsal sclerites of abdominal segments I-III of larvae in the five species may be another adaptation to this microhabitat with rapid water flow.

The larva of Microptila orienthula Kjrandsen & Ito (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae), with a description of its microhabitat in Japan.

The final instar larva, case, and microhabitat of the East Palearctic caddisfly species Microptila orienthula Kjrandsen & Ito 2009 (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) are described from Japan. The laterally compressed larva occurs in small plant tufts (primarily mosses and liverworts) in hygropetric habitats.

Descriptions of a new species of Hydroptila Dalman and the mature larva of a species of Stactobiella Martynov from Japan (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae).

Description of a new species in the genus Hydroptila Dalman and of the mature larva and case of Stactobiella tshisjakovi (Arefina Morse 2002) contribute further to studies on the micro-caddisflies of Japan. A single highly distinctive male, Hydroptila hattorii sp. nov. has the dorsal plate flanked by slender lateral arms that bend sharply to meet apically. The larva and case of S. tshisjakovi are similar to those known for congeneric species, but the larva differs from others in the shape of the basal spurs of the tarsal claws and the length of longest seta on the head capsule. The larval habitat in Japan is described.

The genus Rhyacophila Stephens (Trichoptera, Rhyacophilidae) in Yakushima Island, northern Ryukyu, southwestern Japan.

This study revises the caddisfly genus Rhyacophila Stephens, Rhyacophilidae, for Yakushima Island within the northern Ryukyu Archipelago in southwestern Japan. Four new species are described based on adults: Rhyacophila yakushima sp. nov. of the R. anatina Species Group, R. arakawa sp. nov. of the R. lieftincki Species Group, R. miyanoura sp. nov. of the R. yosiiana Species Group, and R. nagata sp. nov. of the R. ulmeri Species Group. Additionally, two species are recorded for the island for the first time: R. brevicephalaIwata 1927, a Japanese species, and R. shikotsuensis Iwata 1927, an East Asian species.

Phylogeography of the northernmost distributed Anisocentropus caddisflies and their comparative genetic structures based on habitat preferences.

Knowledge of the factors that determine the distribution ranges of organisms is necessary to understand their evolutionary and ecological significance and contribution to biodiversity. A very effective mean of studying such factors is to compare the distribution characteristics and genetic structures of closely related species with differing habitat preferences. Freshwater aquatic insects are relatively easy to observe and the basis of their corresponding niche differentiation easier to identify. Freshwater habitats are categorized lotic or lentic water according to flow regime. In Japanese Islands, the genus Anisocentropus of the calamoceratid caddisfly, the target group in this study, was morphologically reconfirmed that three species, that is, Anisocentropus kawamurai, A. pallidus, and A. magnificus. Among these, A. kawamurai prefers lotic environments and A. pallidus is adapted to lentic water habitats. The distribution range of these sister species overlaps within the Japanese Islands. We estimated the phylogeny and the evolutionary history of Anisocentropus caddisflies worldwide. We estimated divergence periods by two methods, a single locus with various specimens and multiple loci with reduced numbers of the specimens. As a result, we elucidated the phylogenetic position of Japanese species within the cosmopolitan genus Anisocentropus, and also revealed their dual origin. In addition, we demonstrated that the contrasting genetic structures between the sister species distributed in widely overlapping areas were due to differentiation in their respective adapted environmental preferences. Although, in general, it is known that species adapted to lentic water have greater dispersal potential and so are associated with wider distribution areas by means of examining their comparative genetic structures, we revealed a new pattern of genetic locality existing in the genetic structures of the species adapted to lentic water. We then present evidence that suggests the ecological preferences of a species are an important factor in understanding the evolutionary history of that species.

Characterization of genetically modified mice for phosphoglycerate mutase, a vitally-essential enzyme in glycolysis.

Glycolytic metabolism is closely involved in physiological homeostasis and pathophysiological states. Among glycolytic enzymes, phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) has been reported to exert certain physiological role in vitro, whereas its impact on glucose metabolism in vivo remains unclear. Here, we report the characterization of Pgam1 knockout mice. We observed that homozygous knockout mice of Pgam1 were embryonic lethal. Although we previously reported that both PGAM-1 and -2 affect global glycolytic profile of cancers in vitro, in vivo glucose parameters were less affected both in the heterozygous knockout of Pgam1 and in Pgam2 transgenic mice. Thus, the impact of PGAM on in vivo glucose metabolism is rather complex than expected before.

Descriptions of final instar larvae of six species of the genus Hydroptila Dalman (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) in Japan.

Final instar larvae of six species of the genus Hydroptila Dalman (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) belonging to three species groups are described based on Japanese specimens. These are H. phenianica Botosaneanu 1970, H. dampfi Ulmer 1929 and H. oguranis Kobayashi 1974 of the H. pulchricornis Species Group, H. kakidaensis Nozaki Tanida 2007 and H. botosaneanui Kumanski 1990 of the H. tineoides Species Group, and H. nanseiensis Ito 2011 (in Ito et al. 2011), which is unplaced to species group. They can be distinguished from each other by the color patterns of the head and thoracic nota, relative lengths of the longest head setae to the width of the head, and number of setae on the thorax. For discrimination of species groups, the arrangement of chloride epithelia of abdominal segments is likely to be useful, since it differs in the three species groups studied here.

Phosphoglycerate Mutase Cooperates with Chk1 Kinase to Regulate Glycolysis.

Dysregulated glycolysis, including the cancerous Warburg effect, is closely involved in pathological mechanisms of diseased states. Among glycolytic enzymes, phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) has been known to exert certain physiological impact in vitro, whereas its regulatory role on glycolysis remains unclear. Here, we identified that PGAM plays a key role in regulating glycolysis in cancer cells but not in standard cells. Cancer-prone phenotype by PGAM overexpression in vivo was associated with upregulated glycolytic features. PGAM interacts and cooperates with Chk1 to regulate the enhanced glycolysis in cancer cells, especially under oncogenic Ras expressing conditions. Genetic or chemical interference of the PGAM-Chk1 interaction, with intact PGAM activity, abrogated the maintenance of cancerous enhanced glycolysis. Thus, the nonenzymatic function of PGAM is essential for the Warburg effect that accompanies cancerous proliferation.

The genus Stactobiella Martynov (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) in Japan.

The caddisfly genus Stactobiella Martynov (Hydroptilidae) is revised for Japan, with revisions of two Far East Asian species, one newly recorded for Japan, and the description of three new species. Both S. tshistjakovi (Arefina Morse, in Arefina et al. 2002) and S. biramosa Martynov 1929 are redescribed, based on male and female specimens. The three new Japanese species are S. aichi sp. nov., S. amami sp. nov., and S. kumejima sp. nov., bringing to five the number of species of Stactobiella known for Japan.

Notes on six microcaddisfly species (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) recorded for Japan, one a newly described species.

Notes are provided for six microcaddisfly species (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) in the Japanese fauna. One is a new species, Hydroptila nago Ito sp. nov., described from southern Japan. The second and third, Hydroptila dorsoprocessuata Botosaneanu 1993, previously known from eastern Russia, and Hydroptila introspinata Zhou and Sun 2009, known from northeastern China and Korea, are recorded from Japan for the first time and redescribed. A fourth, Hydroptila parapiculata Yang and Xue 1994, is known from central and southeastern China and central Japan; the male is redescribed. By synonymizing Ugandatrichia shinshiroensis Ito et al. 2018, described from central Japan, with a Chinese species, Allotrichia rhynchophyllum Zhou et al. 2016, we record the genus Allotrichia McLachlan from Japan for the first time. For a sixth species, Stactobia distinguenda Nozaki and Botosaneanu 1996, previously known in Japan from the male only, the larva and its case are described.

The family Hydropsychidae Curtis (Trichoptera) in the Ryukyu Archipelago, southwestern Japan.

The caddisfly family Hydropsychidae Curtis is revised for the Ryukyu Archipelago, southwestern Japan. Four new species are described based on adults: Diplectrona uken Ito and Nozaki sp. nov., Homoplectra crassicornea Nozaki and Ito sp. nov., Homoplectra trifurcata Nozaki and Ito sp. nov. and Cheumatopsyche aira Ito and Nozaki sp. nov. Based on examination of type specimens of species described from Taiwan in 1910-1930's: Cheumatopsyche uchidai Kobayashi 1987 and Hydropsyche yaeyamensis Tanida 1986 are synonymized with C. clavalis Martynov 1930 and H. orbiculata Ulmer 1911, respectively. Five East Asian species: Diplectrona burha Schmid 1961, Diplectrona albofasciata (Ulmer 1913), Cheumatopsyche clavalis Martynov 1930, Hydropsyche verrucosa (Ulmer 1911), and Macrostemum formosicolum (Matsumura 1931) are recorded from Japan for the first time and re-described. Adults of two known species, Cheumatopsyche okinawa Oláh and Johanson 2008 and Macrostemum okinawanum (Matsumura 1931) are re-described. Females of five species, previously known only as males, are described for the first time.

First record of the tropical-subtropical genus Ugandatrichia Mosely (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) from a temperate zone, with description of a new species.

The tropical-subtropical caddisfly genus Ugandatrichia Mosely (Hydroptilidae) is recorded for the temperate zone and the Palearctic region for the first time, with description of a new species, U. shinshiroensis from central Japan. The adults and immature stages are described with notes on their ecology.

The genus Stactobia McLachlan (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) in Japan.

The caddisfly genus Stactobia McLachlan (Hydroptilidae) is revised for Japan. Males are redescribed for 6 known species, Stactobia japonica Iwata, S. makartschenkoi Botosaneanu & Levanidova, S. inexpectata Botosaneanu & Nozaki, S. hattorii Botosaneanu & Nozaki, S. nishimotoi Botosaneanu & Nozaki, and S. distinguenda Botosaneanu & Nozaki. Six new species are described, also based on males: S. kanagawa, S. gunma, S. chichibu, S. yona, S. urauchi, and S. campire. A Taiwanese species, S. semele Malicky & Chantaramongkol, is recorded from Japan for the first time. Final instar larvae and their cases of 8 species and early instar larvae of 2 species are also described.

The genus Microptila Ris (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) in Japan.

The taxonomy of the genus Microptila Ris in Japan is revised. Microptila orienthula Kjærandsen and Ito, 2009, the only East Palearctic species in the genus, is redescribed with new records and two new species, M. genka sp. nov. and M. nakama sp. nov., are described for adults from Ryukyu Islands, far southern Japan, in the Oriental region.

First record of Plethus Hagen (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) from Japan, with description of a species.

The tropical and subtropical caddisfly genus Plethus Hagen (Hydroptilidae) is recorded from Japan for the first time. The species, Plethus ukalegon Malicky and Chantaramongkol 2007, originally described from Taiwan, is redescribed based on material from Iriomote-jima and Ishigaki-jima, southern Ryukyu Islands, the southernmost region of Japan. Female and immature stages are newly described and compared with Indonesian congeners. The early instar larva was associated with the adult through mitochondrial DNA sequence comparisons, and is described in the genus Plethus for the first time. Larvae live in fast-flowing waters such as hygropetric zones, rapid streams, and waterfalls. Final instar larvae make flattened cases of silk that they attach tightly on smooth rock surfaces.

The Lepidostoma coreanum Species Complex (Trichoptera, Lepidostomatidae) in the Asian Far East.

A total of 68 species of genus Lepidostoma Rambur (Trichoptera; Lepidostomatidae) has been reported from the Asian Far East. L. coreanum (Kumanski & Weaver 1992) was originally described from North Korea. Detail examination of specimens of this species and its related specimens collected in the Asian Far East revealed the hypothetical definition of L. coreanum and the presence of 4 new related species, L. niigataense sp. nov., L. hattorii sp. nov., L. yuwanense sp. nov., and L. ishigakiense sp. nov. The species assemblage is named as the Lepidostoma coreanum Species Complex.

The genus Palaeagapetus Ulmer (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae, Ptilocolepinae) in North America.

The genus Palaeagapetus Ulmer (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae, Ptilocolepinae) is revised in North America. Descriptions of the western species, P. nearcticus Banks 1938, are provided with the first descriptions of the female, pupa, larva, egg and case and with notes on food, habitat and annual life cycle. The male and female of the eastern species, P. celsus Ross 1936, are described or redescribed with some ecological notes. Distributions of the two species are summarized.

The genus Adicella McLachlan (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae) in Japan.

The Japanese species of the genus Adicella McLachlan (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae) are reviewed and confirmed, including a described species and 3 new species: A. makaria Malicky & Chantaramongkol 2002, originally described from Taiwan, A. trichotoma Ito & Kuhara sp. nov., A. paludicola Ito & Kuhara sp. nov., and A. strigillata Katsuma & Ito sp. nov. For clear comparisons, adults of all species are redescribed or described.

Two new species of ochridacyclops (Kiefer, 1937) (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) from Kenya and Nepal.

Two species of cyclopoid copepods, Ochridacyclops kenyaensis sp. nov. and O. nepalensis sp. nov. are described as the first records of this genus from Kenya and Nepal, respectively. Ochridacyclops kenyaensis can easily be distinguished from its congeners by having a rounded and blunt distal end of the outer terminal seta (IV) on the caudal rami, and by the inner terminal spine being about equal in length to the outer terminal spine on the endopod of leg 4. Ochridacyclops nepalensis can easily be distinguished from other members of the genus by having two spines on exopodal segment 3 of leg 1, and by the proportions of the caudal rami, which are 3.4 times longer than wide.